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Francis Scott Key's handwritten lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key's handwritten lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key's handwritten lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key's handwritten lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key's handwritten lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key's handwritten lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key's handwritten lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key's handwritten lyrics to the Star Spangled Banner
Please rise and enable your audio for a stirring analysis of the United States

National Anthem

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maya rudoply singing the national anthem on snl

When you think of legendary National Anthem performances, there’s a good chance Whitney Houston’s 1991 Super Bowl rendition comes to mind. More than 30 years later, and it’s still widely considered one of the best, if not the best, National Anthem performances of all time.

Then there’s Fergie’s viral performance from the 2018 NBA All-Star game. It’s also considered one of the most memorable National Anthem renditions, but for entirely different reasons.

The “Star Spangled Banner” has become a pop culture moment. Performers must make a calculated choice: stay classic and traditional or infuse it with flair. Maya Rudolph’s SNL performance is probably one of the most extreme paths you could choose.

Let’s look at the paths of nearly 140 performances from major political and sporting events. These lines track pitch (or frequency): the lower the line, the lower the notes and the higher the line, the higher the notes. We’ve transposed them all to the same key for easier comparison. Let’s zoom in and look at it one phrase at a time.

Whitney Houston

Top divas

Our picks

We begin with “o say can you see.” Francis Scott Key penned this opening line after seeing the American flag flying defiantly over Fort McHenry having withstood a bombardment by British forces during the War of 1812.

The “Star Spangled Banner” didn’t become the US’ official anthem until nearly a century later in 1931, and it wasn’t thrust into the pop culture spotlight until the late 1960s when José Feliciano,   Jimi Hendrix,   and other stars started to put their spin on the standard melody.

It’s this spin we’re interested in, and to measure it we’ve created the Diva Score (nerdy details in the methods). It quantifies how much a performance melodically deviates from the standard. For this first phrase, most performers keep it pretty simple like Amber Riley from 2010.

Using the Diva Score, we can go phrase by phrase and pick out the performers who were doing the most and those that made you say they “ain’t no diva.” Click on the faces of the certified top divas (plus our picks) to hear their interpretation of each phrase.

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osaycanyousee

Top divas

Most performers don’t really get going until the last half of the song so these first few phrases are comparatively tame. But Anthony Hamilton — he’s basically singing a different melody at the 2019 NBA All-Star Game.

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bythedawn’searlylight

Here, the phrases are ordered by average Diva Score instead of the order they are sung. The vocal fireworks start to explode around the “bombs are bursting in air.”

Average Diva Score by Phrase

Top divas

Our picks

Let’s see how Fergie is doing. Her 2018 NBA All-Star Game performance is surprisingly tame Diva Score-wise. Sadly, the Diva Score can’t capture when someone manages to pronounce every single word in the weirdest, most sultry way possible.

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whatsoproudlywehailed

The NBA All-Star Game has been host to a lot of memorable national anthem performances — from Marvin Gaye to Fergie. Overall, basketball games yielded higher Diva Scores than other sporting events and political events.

Average Diva Score by Event Type

Top divas

Our picks

By looking at the pitch line, you can pick out artists’ signature shapes, like scooping into notes. This is a common technique for country stars like Chris Stapleton and Scotty McCreery.

Speaking of “country” stars, our dataset has two Taylor Swift performances — both (2006 and 2008) well before her pop shift. Back then she was just a kid with a guitar, so it’s understandable that she records some of the overall lowest Diva Scores (#114 and #129).

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atthetwilight’slastgleaming

Top divas

Our picks

Two words: Aretha Franklin. The “Queen of Soul” shows out on this phrase, and she’s in good company: 8 of the top 10 Diva Scores for this phrase are from fellow R&B artists.

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whosebroadstripesandbrightstars

Average Diva Scores by music genre match intuition, with R&B and pop divas adding more flourishes than country or rock divas.

Average Diva Score by Music Genre

Top divas

Our picks

The Diva Score measures chaos, but it can’t tell if that chaos sounds good or bad. Case in point: Jazmine Sullivan rarely has a top 3 Diva Score (although she ranks as the #17 overall diva), but we think she consistently sings some of the most beautiful and creative vocal runs.

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throughtheperilousfight

Top divas

Our picks

This phrase is a common trip up for performers like Christina Aguilera and Eric Burton, who both double back over previously sung phrases. After her gaffe, Aguilera said she hoped the “true spirit of [the] anthem still came through.” It did, X-Tina.

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o’ertherampartswewatched

Top divas

Good anthem performances are rarely a given, but artists like Whitney, Beyoncé, and T-Pain make it look easy. Yes, you read that right, Mr. Autotune delivered a sterling rendition. This phrase was one of his top Diva Scores.

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weresogallantlystreaming

Top divas

Our picks

The “Star Spangled Banner” is treacherous to sing — start off too high and “you’re screwed.” Trace Adkins sings in the lowest key among our dataset (D); Jennifer Hudson (and others) are in the highest (A); and Steven Tyler sings just a step below that in G, by far the highest of any other man in our dataset.

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F# (F sharp) is the most common key for women. It’s Bb (B flat) for men.

Distribution of Musical Keys

Top divas

Our picks

If you’ve been with us since the beginning, you’ll notice that Chaka Khan has racked up 5 top diva appearances in these first 9 phrases. She has the highest average Diva Score per phrase, making her our #1 Diva.

For slightly more mellow, but still noteworthy performances, check out H.E.R. at the 2023 World Series and Taylor Swift at the 2008 World Series, T-Swift's highest recorded Diva Score for a phrase.

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thebombsburstinginair

Top divas

Our picks

Some singers are National Anthem pros with 3 or more performances in our dataset. Carrie Underwood performed in 2010, 2007, 2006, and 2017, with all her renditions sounding nearly identical.

Meanwhile, Demi Lovato switches it up. They use unique vocal runs for each of their performances from 2012, 2015, and 2020.

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There are 7 performers in our dataset who have performed the National Anthem 3 or more times. This is their intra-Diva Score, or how they compare to themselves.

How Similar Repeat Performers are to Themselves

◀ More similar

More different ▶

Top divas

Our picks

Two inauguration performances, where “flag” is emphasized, rise to the top for this phrase: Beyoncé (2013) and Lady Gaga (2021). We’ve seen a big evolution since Juanita Booker’s more traditional 1981 take.

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thatourflagwasstillthere

Top divas

Fergie, what are you doing, girl?

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osaydoesthatstarspangled

Top divas

Our picks

Towards the end of the anthem, you’re not making the top diva list unless you have a well-deserved royalty nickname: “The Queen of Funk” Chaka Khan, “Queen of Hip-Hop Soul” Mary J. Blige, and the “Godmother of Soul” Patti Labelle.

Mary J. Blige, in particular, holds down two of the top 10 Diva Score spots for this phrase: her performances at the 2009 World Series and 2012 NBA All-Star Game.

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banneryetwave

Top divas

Our picks

Remember, the Diva Score measures how different a performance is from the standard, so artists like Nicole Scherzinger and Steven Tyler who go up the octave and hit (well, sometimes hit) the high notes on “free” get bonus points.

Here, you can also see the really tight vibrato waves from classical- and Broadway-trained singers like Renee Fleming and Kristen Chenoweth.

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o’erthelandofthefree

Top divas

The true divas shine for the anthem’s closing phrase. Here are the top 10 Diva Scores. It’s pure chaos in the best way possible.

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andthehomeofthebrave

Now that you know what to look and listen for in the “Star Spangled Banner,” it’s time to dive even further into the data. The heatmap below allows you to explore each of the 16 phrases for all 138 performances in our dataset. Surprisingly we didn’t get tired of listened to the anthem when doing this project, so maybe you won’t either!

If you want to hear more about our favorites, check us out on the Switched on Pop podcast.

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o say can you see
by the dawn’s early light
what so proudly we hailed
at the twilight’s last gleaming
whose broad stripes and bright stars
through the perilous fight
o’er the ramparts we watched
were so gallantly streaming
and the rocket’s red glare
the bombs bursting in air
gave proof through the night
that our flag was still there
o say does that star spangled
banner yet wave
o’er the land of the free
and the home of the brave

Aaliyah

1995 NBA Regular Season

#69 Diva / Key: E

Aaron Lewis

2014 World Series

#79 Diva / Key: A

Al Green

2000 NBA All-Star

#125 Diva / Key: C#

Alanis Morissette

2007 Stanley Cup

#133 Diva / Key: Eb

Alicia Keys

2013 Super Bowl

#35 Diva / Key: G

Aloe Blacc

2016 NBA Finals

#109 Diva / Key: C

Amber Riley

2012 DNC

#75 Diva / Key: F

Amber Riley

2010 MLB All-Star

#61 Diva / Key: F#

Anita Baker

2023 NFL Regular Season

#60 Diva / Key: Ab

Anthony Hamilton

2019 NBA All-Star

#3 Diva / Key: F

Aretha Franklin

1993 World Series

#10 Diva / Key: F#

Ariana Grande

2014 NFL Regular Season

#87 Diva / Key: Ab

Bebe Rexha

2017 Indy 500

#102 Diva / Key: F

Beyoncé

2013 Inauguration

#8 Diva / Key: E

Beyoncé

2004 Super Bowl

#28 Diva / Key: G

Billy Joel

1979 Stanley Cup

#136 Diva / Key: C

Billy Joel

1989 Super Bowl

#82 Diva / Key: C

Billy Joel

2007 Super Bowl

#128 Diva / Key: Bb

Billy Joel

2000 World Series

#122 Diva / Key: A

Brad Paisley

2017 World Series

#110 Diva / Key: B

Brian McKnight

2005 MLB All-Star

#83 Diva / Key: Eb

Brooke Hogan

2004 Stanley Cup

#88 Diva / Key: E

Carly Pearce

2021 World Series

#113 Diva / Key: Eb

Carrie Underwood

2006 MLB All-Star

#127 Diva / Key: F#

Carrie Underwood

2017 Stanley Cup

#111 Diva / Key: F#

Carrie Underwood

2010 Super Bowl

#105 Diva / Key: F#

Carrie Underwood

2007 World Series

#119 Diva / Key: F#

Cassadee Pope

2023 Stanley Cup

#66 Diva / Key: F#

Chaka Khan

2020 NBA All-Star

#1 Diva / Key: F

Cher

1999 Super Bowl

#36 Diva / Key: Eb

Cheryl Ladd

1980 Super Bowl

#129 Diva / Key: E

Chloe Bailey

2022 World Series

#6 Diva / Key: E

Chris Daughtry

2011 World Series

#84 Diva / Key: D

Chris Stapleton

2023 Super Bowl

#21 Diva / Key: C#

Christina Aguilera

2004 NBA All-Star

#31 Diva / Key: F

Christina Aguilera

2011 Super Bowl

#19 Diva / Key: F

Cody Johnson

2019 World Series

#98 Diva / Key: A

Colbie Caillat

2013 World Series

#44 Diva / Key: E

Darius Rucker

1995 World Series

#100 Diva / Key: Bb

Demi Lovato

2020 Super Bowl

#97 Diva / Key: Ab

Demi Lovato

2012 World Series

#23 Diva / Key: Ab

Demi Lovato

2015 World Series

#78 Diva / Key: Ab

Diana Ross

1982 Super Bowl

#93 Diva / Key: G

Dierks Bentley

2017 Stanley Cup

#63 Diva / Key: F

Donna Summer

1999 MLB All-Star

#123 Diva / Key: Eb

Eric Burton

2022 World Series

#26 Diva / Key: B

Faith Hill

2000 Super Bowl

#72 Diva / Key: G

Fantasia

2023 NCAA Championship

#20 Diva / Key: F#

Fergie

2018 NBA All-Star

#14 Diva / Key: G

Gladys Knight

2019 Super Bowl

#15 Diva / Key: D

Gladys Knight

1991 World Series

#58 Diva / Key: Eb

Gretchen Wilson

2010 NBA All-Star

#134 Diva / Key: E

Harry Connick Jr.

1992 Super Bowl

#99 Diva / Key: Ab

H.E.R.

2023 World Series

#57 Diva / Key: E

Hunter Hayes

2016 World Series

#74 Diva / Key: Bb

Idina Menzel

2014 MLB All-Star

#103 Diva / Key: F#

Idina Menzel

2015 Super Bowl

#68 Diva / Key: F

Jackie Evancho

2017 Inauguration

#101 Diva / Key: Ab

James Taylor

2018 World Series

#131 Diva / Key: Ab

Jazmine Sullivan

2022 World Series

#17 Diva / Key: F

Jennifer Hudson

2009 Super Bowl

#12 Diva / Key: A

Jessica Simpson

2004 Indy 500

#64 Diva / Key: F

Jessica Simpson

2001 NBA All-Star

#118 Diva / Key: F#

Jewel

2023 NBA All-Star

#11 Diva / Key: Eb

Jewel

1998 Super Bowl

#114 Diva / Key: F

Jewel

2001 World Series

#91 Diva / Key: F

Jimmy Buffett

1984 MLB Regular Season

#137 Diva / Key: Bb

Joe Walsh

1995 World Series

#124 Diva / Key: Bb

John Legend

2013 NBA All-Star

#45 Diva / Key: Bb

John Legend

2016 NBA Finals

#24 Diva / Key: Bb

John Oates

2008 World Series

#67 Diva / Key: C#

John Vincent

2016 World Series

#92 Diva / Key: B

Jon Secada

1992 World Series

#112 Diva / Key: B

Jordan Smith

2023 NFL Regular Season

#40 Diva / Key: Eb

Jordin Sparks

2011 MLB All-Star

#34 Diva / Key: E

Jordin Sparks

2017 NBA Finals

#42 Diva / Key: Eb

Jordin Sparks

2008 Super Bowl

#13 Diva / Key: F

Jordin Sparks

2023 World Series

#27 Diva / Key: Eb

Josh Groban

2011 NBA All-Star

#108 Diva / Key: Bb

Joyce Didonato

2014 World Series

#65 Diva / Key: Ab

Juanita Booker

1981 Inauguration

#49 Diva / Key: Bb

Keith Urban

2017 Stanley Cup

#121 Diva / Key: C

Kelly Clarkson

2018 Indy 500

#95 Diva / Key: G

Kelly Clarkson

2019 Indy 500

#120 Diva / Key: G

Kelly Clarkson

2010 World Series

#80 Diva / Key: F#

Kelsey Grammer

1996 MLB Regular Season

#116 Diva / Key: F

Kiana Lede

2023 MLB All-Star

#73 Diva / Key: E

Kristen Chenoweth

2019 WNBA All-Star

#77 Diva / Key: G

Lady Gaga

2021 Inauguration

#33 Diva / Key: F#

Lady Gaga

2016 Super Bowl

#38 Diva / Key: F#

Lauren Alaina

2021 World Series

#46 Diva / Key: E

Lauren Daigle

2020 NCAA Championship

#29 Diva / Key: Eb

LeAnn Rimes

1997 World Series

#96 Diva / Key: F

Luke Bryan

2017 Stanley Cup

#76 Diva / Key: Bb

Luke Bryan

2017 Super Bowl

#48 Diva / Key: A

Luther Vandross

1997 Super Bowl

#106 Diva / Key: D

Madison Beer

2020 Stanley Cup

#37 Diva / Key: Ab

Madison Watkins

2022 World Series

#18 Diva / Key: E

Marc Anthony

2012 DNC

#51 Diva / Key: C#

Mariah Carey

2002 Super Bowl

#30 Diva / Key: E

Martina Mcbride

2004 World Series

#85 Diva / Key: F#

Marvin Gaye

1983 NBA All-Star

#9 Diva / Key: C

Mary J. Blige

2012 NBA All-Star

#43 Diva / Key: F#

Mary J. Blige

2009 World Series

#32 Diva / Key: F#

Mary J. Blige

2013 World Series

#56 Diva / Key: F

Matthew Morrison

2012 World Series

#126 Diva / Key: Bb

Melissa Etheridge

2002 World Series

#90 Diva / Key: D

Mickey Guyton

2022 Super Bowl

#25 Diva / Key: G

Mickey Guyton

2023 World Series

#86 Diva / Key: G

Natalie Grant

2022 NCAA Championship

#22 Diva / Key: Ab

Nayah Damasen

2018 NBA Finals

#50 Diva / Key: F#

Ne-Yo

2016 NBA All-Star

#54 Diva / Key: C#

Ne-Yo

2020 NBA Regular Season

#104 Diva / Key: D

Nicole Scherzinger

2019 World Series

#5 Diva / Key: F#

Patrick Stump

2016 World Series

#117 Diva / Key: C

Patti Labelle

2008 World Series

#2 Diva / Key: A

Paul Simon

1986 World Series

#94 Diva / Key: A

Peabo Bryson

1992 World Series

#16 Diva / Key: D

Phillip Phillips

2012 World Series

#135 Diva / Key: Ab

Pia Toscano

2022 Memorial Day Concert

#52 Diva / Key: F#

Pink

2018 Super Bowl

#62 Diva / Key: G

Rachel Platten

2016 World Series

#70 Diva / Key: F

Reba McEntire

2024 Super Bowl

#47 Diva / Key: D

Renée Fleming

2014 Super Bowl

#4 Diva / Key: A

Scotty Mccreery

2011 World Series

#59 Diva / Key: Ab

Sheryl Crow

2018 Stanley Cup

#89 Diva / Key: F#

Stephanie Mills

2003 WNBA All-Star

#71 Diva / Key: G

Steven Tyler

2001 Indy 500

#55 Diva / Key: G

Taylor Swift

2006 NFL Regular Season

#130 Diva / Key: E

Taylor Swift

2008 World Series

#115 Diva / Key: E

T-Pain

2015 MLB Regular Season

#7 Diva / Key: Eb

Trace Adkins

2020 RNC

#81 Diva / Key: D

Trisha Yearwood

2014 World Series

#132 Diva / Key: Eb

Usher

2015 NBA Finals

#53 Diva / Key: Bb

Whitney Houston

1991 Super Bowl

#39 Diva / Key: Ab

Whitney Houston

1999 WNBA All-Star

#41 Diva / Key: F

Zooey Deschanel

2011 World Series

#107 Diva / Key: Eb

Methods

To build a catalog of celebrity National Anthem performances, we consulted several best-of lists, and collected performances from major sporting and political events like the Super Bowl, the World Series, and the presidential inauguration from 1980 on. We also included a few notable anthem performances prior to 1980.

We then set out to find a suitable audio/video recording of the performance on YouTube. We were able to find roughly 180 performances. Using a free online converter, we extracted mp3 audio files from each YouTube link. We then manually trimmed the mp3 audio files so that they started right before the first word in the anthem and ended after the last. The trimmed audio was then uploaded to an AI-powered Vocal Remover program to isolate the vocals from the rest of the audio.

Once we had the isolated vocal files, we loaded them into Tony, an open source melody transcription tool developed by the Centre for Digital Music at Queen Mary, University of London. Along with 4 additional data assistants (Amel Awadelkarim, Dustin D’Andrea, Noah Fagan, and George McIntire), we listened to each vocal track, manually removed errant sounds (crowd noise, echos, jet flyovers, band accompaniments) and corrected pitch when necessary. Some performances were dropped at this stage due to poor audio quality.

We then exported the pitch data, which tracked frequency in Hz over time. We manually marked the starting and ending timestamps of each of the 16 phrases of the song. Some specific phrases for specific performances were also dropped at this stage due to poor audio quality. This process took over 100 hours of work and we couldn’t have done it without our data assistants, so thank you!

For each phrase, we used Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to compare it to the corresponding phrase in a “standard” performance of the National Anthem. DTW measures the similarity between two temporal sequences, neutralizing any variation in speed. In other words, it measures the amount a performer deviates from the standard, strictly melodically. This is what we called the Diva Score for each phrase. The Diva Score for a full performance was calculated by taking the average for all phrases from that performance. It’s not an exact science, but we think the Diva Scores match our intuition of what melodic Diva-ness is pretty closely!

Finally, thank you to our colleague Kevin Litman-Narvarro who originally planted the idea of looking into National Anthem performances.